Architectures and Processors

Cortex-R52+ Interrupt Latency: Key Factors and Realistic Benchmarks Interrupt latency is a critical performance metric in real-time embedded systems, particularly when using high-performance processors like the ARM Cortex-R52+. The Cortex-R52+ is designed for safety-critical applications, such as automotive and industrial systems, where deterministic and low-latency interrupt handling is paramount. Understanding the typical interrupt latency figures…

Cortex-A53 STL Accessibility for Independent Developers The ARM Cortex-A53 Safety Test Library (STL) is a critical resource for developers working on safety-critical applications, particularly in industries such as automotive, industrial automation, and medical devices. The STL provides a suite of tests designed to validate the functional safety of Cortex-A53-based systems, ensuring compliance with industry standards…

Cacheable and Shareable Attributes in ARM Cortex-R5F: A Deep Dive The ARM Cortex-R5F processor, based on the ARMv7 architecture, is widely used in real-time embedded systems due to its deterministic performance and efficient memory management capabilities. One of the critical aspects of memory management in ARM processors is the configuration of memory attributes, specifically the…

GICv3 Interrupt Priority Change Challenges with Pending Interrupts The ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) version 3 (GICv3) is a sophisticated interrupt management system designed to handle a wide range of interrupt scenarios in modern ARM-based systems. One of the more nuanced challenges when working with GICv3 is dynamically changing the priority of an interrupt that…

ARM Cortex-M85 ETM Data Trace Unsupported: Understanding the Limitation The ARM Cortex-M85 processor, a high-performance embedded processor designed for AI and machine learning applications, integrates the Arm CoreSight ETM-M85 (Embedded Trace Macrocell) for instruction tracing. However, a critical limitation arises when attempting to perform data tracing. The ETM-M85, as documented in the "Arm CoreSight ETM-M85…

Cortex-R52 Memory Map Flexibility and Design Philosophy The Cortex-R52 processor, unlike its Cortex-M series counterparts, does not come with a predefined default memory map. This design choice is intentional and stems from the need to provide system designers with maximum flexibility when integrating the Cortex-R52 into System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. The Cortex-R52 is often used in…

ARM Cortex-A9 MMU Setup for Multi-Core Data Sharing and Cache Coherency When working with the ARM Cortex-A9 MPcore processor, particularly in a multi-core bare-metal environment, configuring the Memory Management Unit (MMU) correctly is critical to ensure proper data sharing, cache coherency, and overall system performance. The Cortex-A9 MMU provides a flexible mechanism to define memory…

ARM Cortex-A9 PMU Counter Stalls During Data Cache Access Timing Measurements The Performance Monitor Unit (PMU) in ARM Cortex-A9 processors is a powerful tool for profiling and analyzing system performance. However, when attempting to measure data cache access times using the PMU, users may encounter unexpected behavior where the PMU counter appears to stall or…

Cortex-A9 MP MMU Setup and Cache Configuration Challenges in Multi-Core Systems When working with the Cortex-A9 MP processor in a bare metal environment, particularly in multi-core configurations, setting up the Memory Management Unit (MMU) and optimizing cache behavior are critical tasks. The Cortex-A9 MP core, as used in the NXP/Freescale iMX6Q, introduces several complexities due…

Cortex-A9 MMU and Cache Initialization Sequence Causing Prefetch Exceptions The Cortex-A9 processor, commonly found in embedded systems like the i.MX6Q, relies on a precise sequence of operations to initialize the Memory Management Unit (MMU) and caches. When this sequence is not followed correctly, it can lead to prefetch exceptions, particularly when enabling interrupts. This issue…