Author: System on Chips

ARM Cortex-A Series Register Database Parsing Challenges The ARM Cortex-A series processors, such as the Cortex-A72, Cortex-A78, and Cortex-A53, are widely used in high-performance embedded systems. These processors implement a variety of registers, some of which are common across different microarchitectures, while others are specific to certain revisions of the ARM architecture. For example, the…

ARM Cortex-R52 Neon Performance for 1024-Point Complex FFT The ARM Cortex-R52 is a real-time processor designed for safety-critical applications, offering deterministic performance and low-latency response times. When paired with the Neon SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) engine, the Cortex-R52 can significantly accelerate computationally intensive tasks such as Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). However, determining the exact…

ARM R82 ACELS Interface and Non-Modifiable Burst Prohibition The ARM R82 processor, a high-performance core designed for real-time and embedded applications, features the ACELS (AMBA Coherent Extensible Link System) interface. This interface is critical for ensuring efficient communication between the processor and other system components, such as memory controllers, accelerators, and peripherals. One notable restriction…

Cortex-M85 r1p0 Incompatibility with SSE-315 Subsystem Generation The core issue revolves around the inability to generate an SSE-315 subsystem using Socrates 1.8.2 when the Cortex-M85 IP package version r1p0 is installed. The error occurs despite the successful download and installation of the Cortex-M85 r1p0 IP package. This problem is rooted in a version mismatch between…

Write Interleaving Exclusion in AXI4: Impact on Bandwidth and Throughput The exclusion of write data interleaving in the AXI4 protocol is a design decision that has significant implications for system performance, particularly in scenarios involving multiple masters with varying transmission speeds. Write interleaving, which was supported in the earlier AXI3 protocol, allows data from different…

Cortex-M33 FMEDA and Security Risk Assessment Requirements The ARM Cortex-M33 processor is a highly capable microcontroller unit (MCU) core designed for embedded systems requiring both functional safety (FuSa) and robust security features. The Cortex-M33 integrates ARMv8-M architecture with TrustZone technology, making it suitable for applications in automotive, industrial, and IoT domains where safety and security…

AXI Stream Protocol Reset Requirements and FPGA Implementation Conflict The AXI Stream protocol specifies that the reset signal, ARESETn, can be asserted asynchronously but must be deasserted synchronously with the rising edge of the clock signal, ACLK. This requirement is critical for ensuring predictable behavior during system initialization and recovery. However, FPGA design guidelines often…

TZC-400 Region Configuration and AXI Low-Power Signal Source Confusion The TrustZone Controller (TZC-400) is a critical component in ARM-based systems, particularly when implementing security features such as ARM TrustZone. The TZC-400 is responsible for configuring memory regions and enforcing access policies to ensure secure and non-secure worlds operate without compromising system integrity. A common point…

Unsupervised Asymmetric Multiprocessing on ARM Cortex-A53 The ARM Cortex-A53, a widely used processor in the ARMv8-A architecture, is often deployed in multi-core configurations, including dual-cluster and quad-cluster setups. One of the advanced use cases for such configurations is Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP), where multiple cores run different operating systems or bare-metal applications independently. Unsupervised AMP takes…

ARM Virtualization Extensions and Custom CPU Feature Implementation ARM architectures, particularly those supporting virtualization, provide a robust framework for hypervisors to manage virtual machines (VMs) efficiently. The ARM Virtualization Extensions, introduced in ARMv7 and significantly enhanced in ARMv8, enable hardware-assisted virtualization by introducing new processor modes, such as EL2 (Hypervisor Mode), and features like stage-2…